A growing number of parents see Neurofeedback as an alternative to medication to treat their children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The treatment is relatively simple and painless. Research studies utilizing electroencephalogram (EEG), functional MRI and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have provided evidence for a neuropathological basis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
The Neurofeeback consists in attaching 3 to 10 electrodes to the individual's head that measure the amplitude and / or synchronization of their brainwaves. The autistic individual sits in front of a screen displaying images that respond to the individual's brain activity and through reinforcing images they learn to improve their brainwave functioning. When the individual has the right kind of brain activity, the autistic individual instantly receives rewarding and positive feedback such as puzzle pieces falling into place. In addition, the autistic individuals who participate in EEG biofeedback learn to inhibit brainwave frequencies that may produce negative symptoms and enhance specific frequencies that produce positive results (Coben & Wagner, 2010).
Neurofeedback is a non-invasive treatment with no known significant or lasting negative side effects that has been shown to enhance neuroregulation and metabolic function in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (Coben & Padolsky, 2007).
The basis for Neurofeedback treatment is research on ASD that has shown that related symptoms in autism correlate with brain dysfunction in multiple brain regions (Coben, 2010). The brains of individuals with autism have abnormal neural connectivity (Rippon, et al., 2007; Coben, 2007). For instance, atypical EEGs often predict poor outcomes for intelligence, speech, and educational achievement (Hughes & John, 1999). Anomalies in connectivity may be linked to abnormalities in information integration.
In a study conducted by Kouijzer and colleagues (2010), which involved 20 individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), they showed that 60% of the participants treated with Neurofeedback and Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), successfully reduced excessive theta power during Neurofeedback treatment. Reduction of theta power was confirmed by pre- and post-QEEG measures. Parents of participants in the Neurofeedback treatment group reported significant improvements in reciprocal social interaction and communication skills, in comparison to the parents of the control group. Coben & Paldosky (2007) reported a significant improvement in attention, executive, visual perceptual and language functions in autistic individuals who received Neurofeedback therapy compared to a control group.
Theta waves are brainwaves 3-7 Hz that we normally have for a few minutes during Stage 1 of sleep, when we are drowsy and slightly asleep, and about to go into deeper sleep. This should not be observed on an EEG in someone that is alert, and yet, studies have shown that theta waves can be prevalent in individuals with ASD when they are awake. Some studies have suggested that when excess slow wave activity is present in the executive (frontal) part of the brain, it is difficult to control attention, behavior, and emotions. Individuals with ASD and ADHD may have serious problems with concentration, memory, controlling impulses and moods or psychomotor activities (Lexicor Health Systems, 2002).
Neurofeeback is a relatively new approach that hopes to modify synaptic connectivity through dynamic external stimuli, using neuroimaging, quantitative EEG and sophisticated computer systems.
In SPECT scans of individuals with autism, abnormal regional cerebral blood flow in the brain (e.g. medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus) was related to impaired communication and social interaction. Alteration in the perfusion in the right medial temporal lobe was associated with the obsessive desire for stereotypical behaviors (Ohnishi et al., 2000). Studies using the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have suggested that individual with autism had a significant reduction in total gray matter volume as well as frontostriatal and parietal networks; and white matter was reduced in the cerebellum, left internal capsule and fornices, and amygdala-hippocampal regions presented anomalies in brain metabolites (McAlonan et al., 2004; Page et al., 2006).
Neurofeedback is designed to improve poorly regulated brainwave patterns, in addition to the other common more conventional types of treatments used in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) such as speech therapy (70%), psychopharmacological treatment (52%), visual schedules (43%), vitamin supplements (43%), sensory integration (38%), and applied behavior analysis (36%) (Itchon, et al., 2006; Coben & Wagner, 2010). While under research, connectivity-guided Neurofeeback is an intervention that may prove to be efficacious in the treatment of symptoms of autism (Coben & Wagner, 2010).